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Slough of Despond : ウィキペディア英語版
Slough of Despond
The Slough of Despond (; "swamp of despair") is a deep bog in John Bunyan's allegory ''The Pilgrim's Progress'', into which the protagonist Christian sinks under the weight of his sins and his sense of guilt for them.
It is described in the text:
'This miry Slough is such a place as cannot be mended; it is the descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction for sin doth continually run, and therefore is it called the Slough of Despond: for still as the sinner is awakened about his lost condition, there ariseth in his soul many fears, and doubts, and discouraging apprehensions, which all of them get together, and settle in this place; and this is the reason of the badness of this ground.'〔John Bunyan, ''The Pilgrim's Progress'', edited with an introduction by Roger Sharrock, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1965), 46; James Thomas paraphrases it: "It is the low ground where the scum and filth of a guilty conscience, caused by conviction of sin, continually gather, and for this reason it is called the Slough of Despond." ''Pilgrim's Progress in Today's English'', James H. Thomas, ed., (1964), 18.〕

Bunyan likely derived some of his images in ''The Pilgrim's Progress'' from his own world. In this instance the "Slough of Despond" may have been inspired by Squitch Fen, a wet and marshy area near his cottage in Harrowden, Bedfordshire, which he had to cross on his way to church in Elstow, or "The Souls' Slough" on the Great North Road between Tempsford and Biggleswade.〔("Sites in Bedfordshire Thought to Have Inspired the Landscape of ''The Pilgrim's Progress''" ), Bedford Museum〕
==Allusions in other literature==
This phrase has been referred to frequently in subsequent literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne's tale ''The Celestial Railroad'' is a satirical contrast between Bunyan's ''The Pilgrim's Progress'' and Hawthorne's perception of the current state of society. In Emily Brontë's ''Wuthering Heights'' the character Mr. Heathcliff likens his son's state of depression to having been dropped "into a Slough of Despond". In ''Horatio Hornblower: The Even Chance'', by C. S. Forester, Midshipman Archie Kennedy describes Hornblower's new home as "His Majesty's ship of the line Justinian, known elsewise among her intimates as the good ship Slough of Despond." In Mary McCarthy's novel ''The Group'' (1954), "Kay saw that (husband, Harald ) was sinking into a Slough of Despond (as they termed his sudden, Scandinavian fits of depression)..." W. Somerset Maugham alludes to the Slough in his book ''Of Human Bondage,'' where in a letter to the protagonist, Philip Carey, the failed poet Cronshaw details that he has "hopelessly immersed (in ) the Slough of Despond," referring to his poverty. In Gerald Brom's novel, ''The Child Thief'', The Slough is a passage of terror into the world Avalon, which Peter must travel through. In John Steinbeck's novel, ''Sweet Thursday'' (1954), Mack describes Doc's melancholic condition in suggesting that his fellow denizens of the Palace Flophouse help him out, using a punning conflation of slang and Bunyan: "Gentlemen (. . . ) let us highly resolve to get Doc's ass out of the sling of despond" (79). In Harlan Ellison's short story "I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream" (1967) the last five surviving humans are tortured by a godlike artificial intelligence named AM. The narrator relates how, among other harrowing experiences, "We passed through the Slough of Despond."〔(Plot summary of "I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream" ) on About.com〕 In Louisa May Alcott's ''Hospital Sketches'', a grateful Tribulation Periwinkle remarks that she feels "as did poor Christian (. . . ) on the safe side of the Slough of Despond." In J. G. Farrell's Booker Prize winner, ''The Siege of Krishnapur,'' the haunted Padre refers to a particularly dangerous crossing thus:
"The Padre was looking more haggard and wild-eyed than ever. He had thought that he would never be able to reach the banqueting hall because he had had to cross the stretch of open lawn swept by musket fire and grape which lay between the Church and the hall and which he had thought of as the Slough of Despond." (1973)


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